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# History
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The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a US-owned utility that provides positioning, navigation, and timing services.
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**GPS history **
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The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a US-owned utility that provides positioning, navigation, and timing services.
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**In the context of the Cold War**, in response to the launch of Sputnik by the Russians in 1957, the Americans worked on a program to enable the terrestrial positioning of mobile devices using radio emissions from a satellite. Thus, in **1960**, the US Navy made the first concrete use of satellites for land positioning. The NAV.S.T.A.R-G.P.S (navigation system time and ranging - Global Positioning System) system was then designed, financed and developed in 1973 by the United States Department of Defense for strictly military use. The first satellite was launched in 1978. The system was declared operational in 1995, with 28 satellites in near-circular orbits around the Earth at an angle of 55° to the equator and 60° to each of the other orbits at an altitude of 20200 km. They go around this orbit in 11 hours and 58 minutes. **There are currently 30 active satellites.**
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In the context of the Cold War, in response to the launch of Sputnik by the Russians in 1957, the Americans worked on a program to enable the terrestrial positioning of mobile devices using radio emissions from a satellite. Thus, in 1960, the US Navy made the first concrete use of satellites for land positioning. The NAV.S.T.A.R-G.P.S (navigation system time and ranging - Global Positioning System) system was then designed, financed and developed in 1973 by the United States Department of Defense for strictly military use. The first satellite was launched in 1978. The system was declared operational in 1995, with 28 satellites in near-circular orbits around the Earth at an angle of 55° to the equator and 60° to each of the other orbits at an altitude of 20200 km. They go around this orbit in 11 hours and 58 minutes. There are currently 30 active satellites.
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# **Economic aspect:**
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Commercially, GPS has been very successful and has led to numerous developments in a wide range of fields: maritime, land and air navigation, tracking of commercial fleets (boats, aircraft, trucks), route monitoring and tracing, and route relevance assessment. The integration of "GPS chips" in smartphones is increasing the number of domestic and individual uses. In the scientific field, the precision of location and synchronization makes it possible to develop and exploit new applications: geodesy, synchronization between atomic clocks, study of the atmosphere, etc.
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Commercially, GPS has been very successful and has **led to numerous developments in a wide range of fields**: maritime, land and air navigation, tracking of commercial fleets (boats, aircraft, trucks), route monitoring and tracing, and route relevance assessment. The integration of "GPS chips" in smartphones is increasing the number of domestic and individual uses. In the scientific field, the precision of location and synchronization makes it possible to develop and exploit new applications: geodesy, synchronization between atomic clocks, study of the atmosphere, etc.
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**How GPS works**
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# **How GPS works**
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Today the constellation of **30 satellites** is composed of different generations (all transmitting the same signals): 7 from the IIR block (1997-2004), 7 from the IIR(M) block (2005-2009), 12 from the IIF block (2010-2016) and 4 from the III block.
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Today the constellation of **30 satellites** is composed of different generations (all transmitting the same signals): 7 from the IIR block (1997-2004), 7 from the IIR(M) block (2005-2009), 12 from the IIF block (2010-2016) and 4 from the III block.
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